蒙古语语法（西里尔）
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第二章 动词类
2.1 动词类及其语法特征
动词类按其词汇意义首先可以分为两类：即实义动词与虚义动词。实义动词具有具体的词汇意义，句中表示主要的动作和行为，普通的动词都属于实义动词。虚义动词是辅助性的动词，主要表示抽象的语法意义，数量很少。
虚义动词分为：代动词、概称动词、联系动词、助动词等四类，关于它们表示的语法意义我们在后面分别叙述。
实义动词是从过程方面表示行为状态的普通动词。这里边包括：идэх 吃，уух 喝，явах 走，гүйх 跑，ирэх 来，очих 去，унших 读，бичих 写，нисэх 飞，шумбах 潜水，асуух 问，хэлэх 说，үзэх 看，сонсох 听等人和事物的行为和动作；
хөгжих 发展，хувилах 变，унах 落，хагарах 裂开; 破裂，салхилах 刮风，бороо орох 下雨，гал цахилах 闪电，ургах 生长，өсөх 生长，үрлэх 结出果实，ихдэх 变大，багадах 变小，хатах 干，норох 湿，харлах 发黑等自然界以及事物的
发展变化；хамгаалах 保卫，тэмцэх 斗争，сонгох 选举，үйлчлэх 服务，шүүмжлэх 批评，байлдах 战斗，уралдах 竞赛，нөхөрлөх 交朋友，үйлдвэрлэх 生产，амьдрах 生活等人类的社会活动；бодох 想，сэтгэх 思维，санах 想，гомдох
不满, 埋怨，хорсох 恨，баярлах 喜欢，дурлах 爱慕，өших 仇视，дайсаннах 敌视，(дайсагнах ), хүсэх 希望等人们的心理活动；эхлэх 开始，барах 完结，дуусах 结束，үргэлжлэх 继续等事物 (往往是包含有动词意义的事物) 所处的过程
及状态；орших 存在，байх 有, 存在等表示存在的词等。实义动词除了原有动词外，还可以从别的词类派生大量的派生动词。所以动词的种类及数量很繁多。
蒙古语动词类的形态变化也比较复杂，它除了具有词尾变化之外，还有词干中的形态变化。词尾变化中首先有式动词、副动词、形动词的变化；式动词又分为祈使式与陈述式；祈使式又分人称的不同；陈述式又分时间的不同。副动词
和形动词也都有较小范围的语法范畴。动词词干的变化中，有体和态的范畴，体和态下边又有较小的语法范畴。总之，蒙古语动词的形态变化系统中，较大的范畴套着较小的范畴，较小的范畴又套着更小的范畴。
为了简单明了起见，把蒙古语动词变化体系中大小范畴相套的关系，可列表如下：
